在使用指针之前，务必要将其初始化。这个是我们最早学习 C 语言的时候，书上经常说的一个问题。在工作中，我们反而会经常忘记这条金科玉律。
本篇文章的所有代码都经 gcc-7 编译器编译过。关于在 macOS 中如何安装和使用 gcc ，可以参考 GCC: Homebrew 安装 GCC 和 Binutils 这篇文章。
结构体成员指针的初始化
结构体成员指针的初始化，指的是初始化结构体中指针变量的成员。
我们举个例子，下面是 Animal 的结构体。
struct Animal{
char *name; //指针成员
int age;
char info[200]; //字符数组，本质也是指针变量
struct Animal*nextAnimal; //指针成员
};
结构体 Animal 含有4个成员变量，其中 name 、 info 和 nextAnimal 是指针变量。
写一段测试代码，如下：
int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
struct Animalanimal;
printf("animal's name: %s, age: %i, info: %s\n", animal.name, animal.age, animal.info);
return 0;
}
运行结果正常，终端输出如下：
animal's name: (null), age: 0, info:
我们来验证一下 Animal *nextAnimal 在没有初始化的情况下，会不会有什么问题。
int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
struct Animalanimal;
printf("animal's name: %s, age: %i, info: %s\n", animal.name, animal.age, animal.info);
printf("animal.nextAnimal: %p\n", animal.nextAnimal);
printf("animal.nextAnimal->name: %s, age: %i, info: %s\n", animal.nextAnimal->name, animal.nextAnimal->age, animal.nextAnimal->info);
return 0;
}
程序编译没有问题，运行报错
animal's name: (null), age: 0, info:
animal.nextAnimal: 0x1127fa036
Segmentation fault: 11
修改一下代码，初始化一下 animal.nextAnimal 这个指针，如下：
int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
struct Animalanimal;
printf("animal's name: %s, age: %i, info: %s\n", animal.name, animal.age, animal.info);
printf("animal.nextAnimal: %p\n", animal.nextAnimal);
// 初始化指针变量
animal.nextAnimal = (struct Animal *)malloc(sizeof(struct Animal));
printf("animal.nextAnimal->name: %s, age: %i, info: %s\n", animal.nextAnimal->name, animal.nextAnimal->age, animal.nextAnimal->info);
return 0;
}
再次编译重新运行，还是报错。还需要初始化 animal.nextAnimal->name 这个变量。
int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
struct Animalanimal;
printf("animal's name: %s, age: %i, info: %s\n", animal.name, animal.age, animal.info);
printf("animal.nextAnimal: %p\n", animal.nextAnimal);
// 初始化指针变量
animal.nextAnimal = (struct Animal *)malloc(sizeof(struct Animal));
// 初始化 name 变量
animal.nextAnimal->name = "cat";
printf("animal.nextAnimal->name: %s, age: %i, info: %s\n", animal.nextAnimal->name, animal.nextAnimal->age, animal.nextAnimal->info);
return 0;
}
```
编译运行，一切正常。
```c
animal's name: (null), age: 0, info:
animal.nextAnimal: 0x10f0f1036
animal.nextAnimal->name: cat, age: 0, info:
通过上面的例子，结构体指针变量有些会给默认值，有些又不会给，所以都要初始化指针变量。修改一下代码，示例如下：
#include
#include
#include
struct Animal{
char *name; //指针成员
int age;
char info[200]; //字符数组，本质也是指针变量
struct Animal*nextAnimal; //指针成员
};
int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
struct Animalanimal;
animal.name = "cat";
strcpy(animal.info, "This is a cat.");
printf("animal's name: %s, age: %i, info: %s\n", animal.name, animal.age, animal.info);
printf("animal.nextAnimal: %p\n", animal.nextAnimal);
// 初始化指针变量
animal.nextAnimal = (struct Animal *)malloc(sizeof(struct Animal));
// 初始化变量
animal.nextAnimal->name = "cat";
strcpy(animal.nextAnimal->info, "This is a cat.");
printf("animal.nextAnimal->name: %s, age: %i, info: %s\n", animal.nextAnimal->name, animal.nextAnimal->age, animal.nextAnimal->info);
return 0;
}
结构体指针的初始化
指的是初始化结构体指针变量。
int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
struct Animal*ptAnimal;
printf("ptAnimal's name: %s, age: %i， info: %s\n", ptAnimal->name, ptAnimal->age, ptAnimal->info);
return 0;
}
编译运行报错：
Segmentation fault: 11
同样的道理，需要初始化指针变量。完成后的示例代码如下：
int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
struct Animal*ptAnimal;
// 初始化结构体指针
ptAnimal = (struct Animal *)malloc(sizeof(struct Animal));
ptAnimal->name = "dog";
strcpy(ptAnimal->info, "This is a big dog");
printf("ptAnimal's name: %s, age: %i， info: %s\n", ptAnimal->name, ptAnimal->age, ptAnimal->info);
// 初始化结构体指针的成员指针变量 nextAnimal
ptAnimal->nextAnimal = (struct Animal *)malloc(sizeof(struct Animal));
ptAnimal->nextAnimal->name = "dog";
strcpy(ptAnimal->nextAnimal->info, "This is a big dog");
printf("ptAnimal->nextAnimal's name: %s, age: %i， info: %s\n",
ptAnimal->nextAnimal->name, ptAnimal->nextAnimal->age, ptAnimal->nextAnimal->info);
return 0;
}
完整示例
main.c
#include
#include
#include
struct Animal{
char *name; //指针成员
int age;
char info[200]; //字符数组，本质也是指针变量
struct Animal*nextAnimal; //指针成员
};
int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
/// 验证结构体指针成员变量
{
struct Animalanimal;
animal.name = "cat";
strcpy(animal.info, "This is a cat.");
printf("animal's name: %s, age: %i, info: %s\n", animal.name, animal.age, animal.info);
printf("animal.nextAnimal: %p\n", animal.nextAnimal);
// 初始化指针变量
animal.nextAnimal = (struct Animal *)malloc(sizeof(struct Animal));
// 初始化变量
animal.nextAnimal->name = "cat";
strcpy(animal.nextAnimal->info, "This is a cat.");
printf("animal.nextAnimal->name: %s, age: %i, info: %s\n", animal.nextAnimal->name, animal.nextAnimal->age, animal.nextAnimal->info);
}
/// 验证结构体指针
{
struct Animal*ptAnimal;
// 初始化结构体指针
ptAnimal = (struct Animal *)malloc(sizeof(struct Animal));
ptAnimal->name = "dog";
strcpy(ptAnimal->info, "This is a big dog");
printf("ptAnimal's name: %s, age: %i， info: %s\n", ptAnimal->name, ptAnimal->age, ptAnimal->info);
// 初始化结构体指针的成员指针变量 nextAnimal
ptAnimal->nextAnimal = (struct Animal *)malloc(sizeof(struct Animal));
ptAnimal->nextAnimal->name = "dog";
strcpy(ptAnimal->nextAnimal->info, "This is a big dog");
printf("ptAnimal->nextAnimal's name: %s, age: %i， info: %s\n",
ptAnimal->nextAnimal->name, ptAnimal->nextAnimal->age, ptAnimal->nextAnimal->info);
}
return 0;
}
编译
gcc-7 main.c -o main
运行
./main
运行结果如下：
animal's name: cat, age: 0, info: This is a cat.
animal.nextAnimal: 0x0
animal.nextAnimal->name: cat, age: 0, info: This is a cat.
ptAnimal's name: dog, age: 0， info: This is a big dog
ptAnimal->nextAnimal's name: dog, age: 0， info: This is a big dog
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